Preventative practice costs

The additional cost of delayed pruning is assumed to be zero as it does not cost more to shift when this practice is performed. The additional cost per acre for hand-painting TopsinM and double pruning are shown in the tables below. Currently, protectants registered for hand application during the dormant season in California are Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M WSB; United Phosphorus, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania), Boric acid (Tech-Gro B-Lock; Nutrient Technologies, Inc., Dinuba, California), and VitiSeal (VitiSeal International LLC, San Diego, California). We only evaluated TopsinM in our analysis as there were field trials using this protectant that provides evidence of effectiveness. Note, the default costs include material, labor, and labor overhead costs.